ABTS Free Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Effects of different amounts of okara on texture, digestive properties, and microstructure of noodles.

As a byproduct of manufacturing soybeans, okara is high in dietary fiber, protein, and fats, and it contains all of the essential amino acids. Wheat, the primary ingredient in noodles, will lose nutrients during manufacturing, creating an imbalance in nutrients. This experiment is for the purpose of studying the effects of okara on quality, antioxidant properties, amino acid content, resistant starch (RS) content, and microstructure of noodles. The results indicate that the addition of 9% okara noodles increased hardness and adhesiveness by 107.19% and 132.14%, respectively, and improved ABTS free radical scavenging activity by 60.78%. The addition of 12% okara noodles increased the DPPH free radical scavenging ability by 23.66%, reduced the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content of the noodles to 21.21%, and the resistant starch content increased to 44.85% (p < .05). Therefore, to address the issue of nutritional imbalance in wheat noodles without compromising the quality of the noodles, it is recommended to add 9% or 12% okara for the preparation of nutritionally fortified noodles.

Development and Characterization of Modified Gelatin-Based Cling Films with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Their Application in the Preservation of Cherry Tomatoes.

The utilization of functional cling films presents a promising approach to alleviate post-harvest spoilage caused by microbial activity, oxidative metabolism, and moisture loss in agricultural products. To overcome the environmental problems of conventional packaging materials, in this study, we developed functional fruit and vegetable cling films based on glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride and rosemarinic acid cross-linked gelatin (RQ-GEL). The results indicate that the prepared RQ-GEL film possesses excellent UV light barrier properties and mechanical performance. RQ-GEL inhibited S. aureus and E. coli by 93.79% and 92.04%, respectively. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities were as high as 87.69% and 84.6%. In the cherry tomato preservation experiment, when compared to uncovered samples, the RQ-GEL group had a 29.77% reduction in weight loss and a significant 26.92% reduction in hardness. Meanwhile, the RQ-GEL group delays the decline of fruit total soluble solids and titratable acidity content, and prolongs the preservation period of cherry tomatoes. Hence, RQ-GEL cling film is poised to emerge as a promising packaging material for the post-harvest preservation of agricultural products.

Development of zein-based complexes and conjugates with enhanced surface hydrophilicity: Structure, emulsifying, foaming, and antioxidant properties

Corn zein is an abundant and inexpensive source of plant proteins. However, it is a strongly hydrophobic molecule with poor water solubility, which limits its range of applications in the food and other industries. In this study, zein-EGCG-alginate ternary conjugates were prepared using an alkaline treatment combined with the Maillard reaction. The nature of the conjugates formed was characterized using a range of analytical methods, including SDS-PAGE, dynamic light scattering, particle electrophoresis, spectroscopy, calorimetry, and electron microscopy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the particles in the dispersion of ternary complexes were larger and more irregularly shaped than those in the original protein dispersion. Spectroscopic analyses indicated alterations in the structure of the proteins caused by both the alkaline and Maillard reaction treatments. Ternary conjugates (zein-EGCG-alginate) had better emulsification and foaming properties than single proteins (zein) or binary conjugates (zein-EGCG). Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of the ternary complexes was lower, while their thermal stability and antioxidant activity were higher. For instance, the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of the ternary conjugates were enhanced to around 67% and 89%, respectively. The alkaline-Maillard treatment also greatly improved the water dispersibility of zein, reaching a solubility level close to 60%. This study may broaden the range of applications of zein as a functional ingredient in the food and other sectors.

Protective Mechanism of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fermentation Broth against Ultraviolet-A-Induced Photoaging of Human Embryonic Skin Fibroblasts.

This study takes the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) as a fermentation substrate and carries out a quantitative visual analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on screenings of five different lactic acid bacteria to obtain a fermentation broth. Systemic anti-photoaging effects are analyzed at the biochemical, cellular, and molecular biological levels. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities are used to verify the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth in vitro. Human embryonic skin fibroblasts (HESs) are used to establish a UVA damage model, and the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth is verified in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activity. RT-qPCR and ELISA are used to detect the expression of TGF-β/Smad, MMPs, and the MAPK/AP-1 and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways in order to explore the anti-oxidation and anti-photoaging effects of the RRT fruit fermentation broth by regulating different signaling pathways. The results show that an RRT fruit fermentation broth can effectively protect cells from oxidative stress caused by UVA and has significant anti-photoaging effects, with the co-cultured Lactobacillus Yogurt Starter LYS-20297 having the highest overall effect.

Exploration of markers in oxidized rancidity walnut kernels based on lipidomics and volatolomics

Walnut kernels are prone to oxidation and rancidity due to their rich lipid composition, but the existing evaluation indicators are not sensitive enough to promote their industrial development. This study aims to investigate the potential markers in oxidative rancidity walnut kernels using lipidomics and volatolomics. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of walnut kernels significantly decreased after oxidation, with the decreasing of total phenolic content from 36276.34 mg GAE/kg to 31281.53 mg GAE/kg, the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity from 89.25% to 73.54%, and 61.69% to 43.73%, respectively. The activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and lipase (LPS) increased by 6.08-fold and 0.33-fold, respectively. By combining volatolomics and chemometrics methods, it was found that significant differences existed in the content of hexanal, caproic acid, 1-pentanol, (E)-2-octenal, and 2-heptanenal before and after walnut kernel oxidation (VIP > 1). Based on the results of lipidomics, it can be concluded that the above five compounds can serve as characteristic markers for walnut kernel oxidative rancidity, mainly produced through glycerol phospholipid (GPL), glyceride, linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism pathways. Possible mechanisms of lipid degradation in oxidized walnut kernels were also proposed, providing technical support for the storage, preservation, and high-value utilization of walnut kernels.

Effect of the drying methods on total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities in Ya-Nang leaf (Tiliacora triandra) powder

The objective of this research was to study the effect of different drying methods on the amount of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in the Ya-Nang leaf powder using 2 drying methods, were 1) sun drying 2) hot air drying (50 °C 6 h, 60 °C 5 h, 70 °C 4 h) used distilled water as a solvent, then extracted under temperature 80 °C for 45 min. The extract was analyzed for total phenolics content, total flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity measured using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power. The results found that the drying process at hot air 60 °C for 5 h shown the best condition of total phenolics content (11.277 ± 0.158 mg GAE g–1 powder), total flavonoids content (9.485 ± 0.362 mg CE g–1 powder), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (23.293 ± 0.352 mg AAE g–1 powder), ABTS free radical scavenging activity (10.155  ± 0.393 mg AAE g–1 powder), total antioxidant capacity (32.382 ± 0.414 mg AAE g–1  powder) and reducing power (16.037 ± 0.039 mg AAE g–1 powder). The results indicated the appropriate drying method at 60 °C for 5 h made the Ya-Nang leaf powder contains high bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. It can use for further development of commercial Ya-Nang tea products. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS Preparation of Ya-Nang leaf (Tiliacora triandra) powder by hot air and sun drying Extraction by distilled water Analysis of active component and antioxidant activities

Enhanced antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activities of Praeparatum mungo and three of its derivatives

The main objective of this study is to explore the functions of Praeparatum mungo (PM) and three of its derivatives, Praeparatum mungo/turmeric (PM/T), Praeparatum mungo/bromelain (PM/B), and Praeparatum mungo/inorganic elements (PM/IE). The results indicated that additives included in the fermentation process of PM enhanced PM’s antioxidant properties. PM/B exhibited the highest total phenolic content (19.18 ± 0.46 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing power. PM/IE exhibited the highest ABTS free radical scavenging activity and chelating ferrous ion activity. PM/T exhibited the best inhibitory tyrosinase activity. The 625 μg/mL PM extract can extensively reduce nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS and exhibited no cytotoxicity for anti-inflammatory applications. Additives in PM natural fermentation process can enhance antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition, and anti-inflammatory properties of PM for future applications.

Improved extraction efficiency of bakuchiol with antioxidant and whitening bioactivities from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L.

Abstract Background Mining new whitening ingredients from plants is an effective way to develop new cosmetic products. Bakuchiol, as one of the main active ingredients from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L, displays whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and free radical-scavenging activities and attracts wide attention especially in the cosmetics industry. However, environmentally friendly extraction technologies with high efficiency and high product purity remain to be developed for the scale production of bakuchiol. Objective In this study, a new approach (acetic acid–steaming–assisted technique) was developed to improve the extraction efficiency of bakuchiol. Methods The factors influencing the extraction efficiency of bakuchiol, including seed powder granularity, acetic acid volume, temperature, and time, were optimized based on single-factor experiments. Results The extraction conditions were optimized as steaming the seed powder (100 g) of 40–100 meshes with acetic acid (50 mL) for 10 minutes, from which a crude extract (25.1 g) containing bakuchiol was obtained. High purity (99.1) of bakuchiol (6.02 g) was then prepared by silica gel column chromatography in a one-step process. The method established in this study had higher extraction rate than other methods. The antioxidant potential of bakuchiol was evaluated based on the ABTS free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Furthermore, bakuchiol demonstrated stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the positive control (arbutin). Conclusions Compared with the available methods, the method established in this study has increased extraction rate of bakuchiol and is environmentally friendly and economical, demonstrating the potential for industrial production.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation for Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Cyperus rotundus L. Kombucha.

Cyperus rotundus L. exhibits promising potential for the development of functional foods due to its documented pharmacological and biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of C. rotundus kombucha. The results demonstrated potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 76.7 ± 9.6 µL/mL for the DPPH assay and 314.2 ± 16.9 µL/mL for the ABTS assay. Additionally, the kombucha demonstrated alpha-glucosidase inhibitory with an IC50 value of 142.7 ± 5.2 µL/mL. This in vitro antioxidant potential was further validated in vivo using Drosophila. Drosophila fed a high-sugar diet and supplemented with pure kombucha revealed significant increases in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Drosophila on a high-sugar diet supplemented with varying kombucha concentrations manifested enhanced resistance to oxidative stresses induced by H2O2 and paraquat. Concurrently, there was a notable decline in lipid peroxidation levels. Additionally, significant upregulations in CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 activities were observed when the high-sugar diet was supplemented with kombucha. Furthermore, in vivo assessments using Drosophila demonstrated significant reductions in alpha-glucosidase activity when fed with kombucha (reduced by 34.04%, 13.79%, and 11.60% when treated with 100%, 40%, and 10% kombucha, respectively). A comprehensive GC-MS and HPLC analysis of C. rotundus kombucha detected the presence of antioxidative and anti-glucosidase compounds. In conclusion, C. rotundus kombucha exhibits considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, demonstrating its potential as a beneficial beverage for health promotion.

Quantification of Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of the Aerial Part of Distichochlamys orlowii K. Larsen &amp; M.F. Newman

Distichochlamys orlowii K. Larsen &amp; M.F. Newman is a type of ginger endemic to Vietnam with high values of usage. This study aims to evaluate the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant effect of the aerial part of Distichochlamys orlowii. The medicinal samples were extracted by ultrasonic method with different solvents including methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane. The total phenolic content was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the total flavonoid content was evaluated by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The in vitro antioxidant effects of extracts were investigated through free radical scavenging models with DPPH and ABTS. The obtained results showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest content of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 12.81 ± 0.05% and 19.52 ± 0.23%, respectively. Meanwhile, the methanol extract exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 243.89 ± 5.98 µg/mL and 33.58 ± 3.14 µg/mL, accordingly. The IC50 values of positive controls were 7,88 ± 0,25 µg/mL for the former assay and 9,74 ± 0,36 µg/mL for the latter assay. This is the first report on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extracts from the aerial part of Distichochlamys orlowii.&#x0D;  &#x0D;  &#x0D;  &#x0D;  

Murine sterile fecal filtrate is a potent pharmacological agent that exerts age-independent immunomodulatory effects in RAW264.7 macrophages

BackgroundSterile fecal filtrate (SFF) is being considered a safer alternative to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy; however, its bioactive potency is very little understood. The present study thus assessed the age-dependent immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory attributes of murine SFF in vitro.MethodsSFF from young (Y-SFF) and old (O-SFF) Swiss albino mice were prepared. Immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects of SFF were evaluated in resting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophage cells by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, inflammatory cytokines profile, as well as gene expression of oxidative and inflammatory transcription factors. SFF were also evaluated for native antioxidant capacity by measuring DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Bioactive components present in SFF were also determined by GC/MS analysis.ResultsBoth Y-SFF and O-SFF induced potent immunostimulatory effects characterized by changes in cell morphology, a significant increase in NO production, ROS levels, and an increased ratio of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) to anti-inflammatory (IL-10) secretory proteins although no significant aggravation in the transcription of NF-κB and Nrf-2 could be observed. Application of LPS to cells significantly augmented a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory response which was much higher in comparison to Y-SFF or O-SFF application alone and mediated by strong suppression of Nrf-2 gene expression. Pre-treatment of macrophages with both Y-SFF and O-SFF robustly attenuated cellular hyperresponsiveness to LPS characterized by significantly decreased levels of NO, ROS, and inflammatory cytokines while a concomitant increase in anti-inflammatory protein (IL-10) was observed. Further, both Y-SFF and O-SFF strongly resisted LPS-induced downregulation of Nrf-2 expression although O-SFF appeared to protect cells slightly better from the overall LPS threat. Neat SFF samples exhibited moderate antioxidant capacity and GC/MS analysis of SFF revealed diverse volatile organic compounds characterized by alkanes, organosulphur compounds, furans, amides, amino acids, and antimicrobial elements.ConclusionOur results indicate that SFF is a potent stimulant of macrophages and confers strong anti-inflammatory effects regardless of donor age thereby suggesting its therapeutic efficacy in lieu of FMT therapy.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-oxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves extract

The phytochemical contents such as, total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of ethanol extract of tender and matured leaves of Moringa oleifera were investigated. On the other hand, antioxidant activity test (total antioxidant activity, ABTS free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability) were also studied. Total Phenolic content (203.80 ± 0.0014 and 105.00 ± 0.0045) mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content (26.02 ± 0.0031 and 18.20 ± 0.0025) mg/g quercetin equivalent and the total tannin content (12.90 ± 0.0021 and 10.50 ± 0.0012) mg/g of tannic acid equivalent were found in the ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves of  Moringa oleifera, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of both leaves of the ethanol extracts were 217.43 ± 0.0025 mg/g and 210.65 ± 0.0019 mg/g respectively of ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. Firstly, the IC50 value of tender and matured leaves of free radical scavenging activity test for ABTS (0.57 ± 0.0135 and 0.61 ± 0.0258) mg/mL were obtained using ascorbic acid as positive control (0.50 ± 0.0265 mg/mL). Secondly, reducing power ability was increased with higher concentration of all samples and standard. Finally, the IC50 value for ferrous ion chelating ability test was observed 5.10 ± 0.0121  and 9.20 ± 0.0212 mg/mL for ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves respectively, whereas standard Na2EDTA was 4.0±0.0135 mg/mL. The result revealed that the ethanol extract of tender leaves showed more in-vitro antioxidant properties that of matured leaves. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 58(3), 179-186, 2023

Study on physicochemical properties, fatty acids, texture, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ghee from different regions

Due to the lack of basic information on Chinese ghee and the increasing demand of consumers for natural oils, this study aims to explore and distinguish the quality characteristics of ghee in different regions of China. Ghee samples from 16 regions of Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region were selected and their physicochemical properties, fatty acids, texture, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were determined. The results showed that: (1) The physicochemical properties of ghee were different from different regions, but the freshness and fat content are generally high. The results of iodine value and saponification value suggest that the fatty acid composition is good; (2) The unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid content of ghee in Tibet and Xinjiang ranges from 63.05% to 79.13%, which is better than that in other regions; (3) Gansu Diebu ghee has the highest hardness (40.69 N); (4) Ghee from different regions has good antioxidant activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity is 30.45% to 58.06%, ABTS free radical scavenging activity is 41.14% to 65.53%, and has varying degrees of inhibition on gram-positive bacteria. In addition, yak ghee, cattle-yak ghee and cow ghee have better fatty acid composition and antibacterial ability than scalper ghee. The results of this study distinguish the differences in the quality characteristics of yak ghee in different geographical regions. Therefore, it can provide a theoretical basis for the origin tracing and quality-oriented improvement of yak ghee.

Efficient extraction and excellent activity of flavonoid from Moringa oleifera leaves and its microencapsulation

The choline chloride-to-glycerin (ChCl/Gly) as a kind of deep eutectic solvent was used to extract flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaves (FMOL), and the extraction rate of FMOL reached 70.4 ± 0.47 mg/g dw under the optimal extraction condition. Ten flavonoids have been identified, and one of them was first reported in MOL. The antioxidant activities, antibacterial activities, anti-tumor activities of FMOL were singly investigated. IC50 of FMOL for DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were 74.6 ± 1.05 and 9.5 ± 0.23 μg/mL, respectively, and the FRAP of FMOL was 14.85 ± 0.43 mg TE/g dw, which were all better than Vc. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FMOL on five bacteria was less than 1.25 mg/mL which was lower than propyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Results from MTT and cellular apoptosis indicated that FMOL possessed certain antitumor activity, although slightly weaker than genistein. Additionally, xylose-modified soy protein isolate was used as wall material to encapsulate FMOL to enhance its bioaccessibility in small intestine. Microencapsulation increased the bioaccessibility of FMOL by 7.4 times compared to free FMOL, indicating that microencapsulation can help FMOL can assist in the slow release of FMOL during digestion. Therefore, FMOL has favorable bioactivity, and microencapsulation may enrich its application.

Antioxidant capacity and sequence of peptides derived from oysters and green mussels in Vietnam

High-nutrition components and antioxidant compounds have been discovered in many marine organisms in recent years, especially oysters and mussels; but, the two bivalves have not been studied extensively in Vietnam. Therefore, both oysters and green mussels from Long Son, Vietnam were collected for investigation. Results showed that the total macronutrient contents in green mussels were greater than those of oysters, with glutamic acid being the most abundant amino acid in both oysters and green mussels at 1.35 and 1.25 g/100 g, respectively. Total relevant mineral content was 521,954 mg/100 g in oyster flesh, while that in green mussels was 496,847 mg/100 g. Specifically, the zinc content was 30.30 mg/100 g in oysters, 21.96 times more than that in green mussels (1.38 mg/100 g). Biological mixtures of peptides were obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis, and their calculated catalytic efficiencies in oysters and green mussels were 0.051 and 0.067 mg/mL/s, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these peptides was determined by IC50 values in DPPH, with 6.39 mg/mL for oysters, and 10.4 mg/mL for green mussels, and IC50 values in ABTS with 18.0 mg/mL for oysters, and 18.3 mg/mL for green mussels. The sequences of the four most abundant peptide fractions in oyster and green mussel hydrolysates were identified by LC-MS; the two fractions identified in oysters were Asn-Lys-Gln-Ala (F1) and Val-Val-Val-Asp-Val-Gly-Ile (F2), and those in green mussels were Gly-Arg-Thr-Tyr (F3), and Pro-Thr-Gln-Val-Lys-Leu (F4). Tyrosine, a powerful nucleophile, was found in F3. As a result, it is reasonable to believe that green mussels have stronger ABTS free radical scavenging activity than oysters. These results will provide a real insight for research on antioxidant processes involving biological peptides from oysters and green mussels in Vietnam.

Development of stability, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of biopolymeric chitosan modified starch nanocapsules containing essential oil.

Lemon essential oil (LEOs) is used as a bioactive compound with unique health properties as a medicine or dietary supplement. Nevertheless, essential oils are chemical compounds sensitive to light, oxidation, and thermal processes. Therefore, encapsulation technique can be a good way to protect them from degradation and evaporation. In current study, biopolymeric nanocapsules containing lemon essential oils (LEOs) were prepared by the emulsion method. The nanocapsules were characterized by their particle size and Encapsulation efficiency (%) ranged from 339.3 to 553.3 nm and 68.09% to 85.43%, respectively. Long-term storage (30 days) under different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C) conditions showed that nanocapsules stored at 4 °C were more stable than samples stored at higher temperatures. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate the values of antioxidant activity of LEOs and nanocapsules. The free LEO and nanocapsules were investigated for its antibacterial activity against common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) using disk diffusion followed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Our results indicated that the encapsulated LEOs had a significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as compared to the free LEO. The LEOs nanocapsules in CS and Hicap can be suggested as an important natural alternative with suitable stability, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties to overcome the challenges associated with the direct application of these bioactive compounds in food.

적색 트리벨리 파프리카 젤리의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성

This study was conducted to examine the quality characteristics and antioxidant effects of jelly prepared with different amounts (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0%) of red Tribelli paprika powder (TPP). The pH value, moisture and sugar contents of TPP were 5.22 ± 0.04, 3.39 ± 0.40%, and 7.57 ± 0.06 °Brix, respectively. The L, a, and b values of TPP were 32.24 ± 0.16, 32.58 ± 0.06, and 31.18 ± 0.25, respectively. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, plus 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities (IC50) of the TPP ethanol extracts were 143.23 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g and 3.66 ± 0.00 mg QE/g, 1,152.83 ± 15.26 μg/mL, and 309.01 ± 6.89 μg/mL, respectively. The pH value and moisture content, as well as the Hunter’s L value of the TPP jelly significantly decreased as the amount of TPP added increased. However, Hunter’s a and b values, total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, plus the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of the TPP jelly significantly increased as the amount of TPP added increased. Assessment of the texture of the TPP jelly showed that the hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, and fracturability increased as the amount of powder increased, but springiness and chewiness tended to decrease. These results suggest that jelly with up to 6.0% added TPP can be developed as a viable product. TPP may thus be a useful material in the production of high-quality jelly.

Influences of Ultrasonic Treatments on the Structure and Antioxidant Properties of Sugar Beet Pectin

The objective of this study was to explore the structural changes and oxidation resistance of ultrasonic degradation products of sugar beet pectin (SBP). The changes in the structures and antioxidant activity between SBP and its degradation products were compared. As the ultrasonic treatment time increased, the content of α-D-1,4-galacturonic acid (GalA) also increased, to 68.28%. In addition, the neutral sugar (NS) content, esterification degree (DE), particle size, intrinsic viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight (MV) of the modified SBP decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the degradation of the SBP structure after ultrasonication. After ultrasonic treatment, the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of the modified SBP reached 67.84% and 54.67% at the concentration of 4 mg/mL, respectively, and the thermal stability of modified SBP was also improved. All of the results indicate that the ultrasonic technology is an environmentally friendly, simple, and effective strategy to improve the antioxidant capacity of SBP.

Extraction, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer fermentation.

Natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer have numerous beneficial biological properties, which were used as a safe and healthy colorant in several industries. In this study, single-factor experiments, Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to investigate the effects of alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time on the extraction yield of Auricularia heimuer melanin (AHM) from fermentation. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the extracted AHM. The solubility, stability, and antioxidant activities of AHM were also measured. The results showed that alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time significantly affected the AHM yield, with the following optimized microwave-assisted extraction conditions: alkali-soluble pH of 12.3, acid precipitation pH of 3.1, and microwave time of 53 min, resulting in an AHM extraction yield of 0.4042%. AHM exhibited a strong absorption at 210 nm, similar to melanin from other sources. FT-IR spectroscopy also revealed that AHM exhibited the three characteristic absorption peaks of natural melanin. The HPLC chromatogram profile of AHM showed a single symmetrical elution peak with a 2.435 min retention time. AHM was highly soluble in alkali solution, insoluble in distilled water and organic solvents, and demonstrated strong DPPH, OH, and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. This study provides technical support to optimize AHM extraction for use in the medical and food industries.

Phenylethanoid Glycoside-Enriched Extract Prepared from Clerodendrum chinense Leaf Inhibits A549 Lung Cancer Cell Migration and Apoptosis Induction through Enhancing ROS Production

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of Clerodendrum chinense leaf ethanolic extract. The phenylethanoid glycoside-enriched extract, namely verbascoside and isoverbascoside, was determined in the ethanolic C. chinense leaf extract using the validated HPLC method. The ethanolic extract showed DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities with the IC50 values of 334.2 ± 45.48 μg/mL and 1012.77 ± 61.86 µg/mL, respectively, and a FRAP value of 88.73 ± 4.59 to 2480.81 ± 0.00 µM. C. chinense leaf extract exhibited anti-proliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the IC50 value of 340.63 ± 89.43, 210.60 ± 81.74, and 107.08 ± 28.90 µg/mL after treatment for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The IC50 values of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, and hispidulin were 248.40 ± 15.82, 393.10 ± 15.27, and 3.86 ± 0.87 µg/mL, respectively, indicating that the anti-proliferative effects of the C. chinense leaf extract mainly resulted from hispidulin and verbascoside. The selectivity index (SI) of C. chinense leaf extract against A549 lung cancer cells vs. normal keratinocytes were 2.4 and 2.8 after incubation for 24 and 48 h, respectively, suggesting the cytotoxic selectivity of the extract toward the cancer cell line. Additionally, the C. chinense leaf extract at 250 µg/mL induced late apoptotic cells up to 21.67% with enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction. Furthermore, the lung cancer cell colony formation was significantly inhibited after being treated with C. chinense leaf extract in a dose-dependent manner. The C. chinense leaf extract at 250 µg/mL has also shown to significantly inhibit cancer cell migration compared with the untreated group. The obtained results provide evidence of the anti-lung cancer potentials of the C. chinense leaf ethanolic extract.